Google published the most comprehensive per-query disclosure to date in its August 2025 Gemini technical paper. Figures cover the median text prompt and include TPU compute, host CPU and DRAM, idle reserve capacity, and full datacenter overhead (PUE).
The paper defines its measurement boundary explicitly: TPU energy from production fleet telemetry, host CPU/DRAM proportional to TPU load, idle machine capacity allocated across active queries, and PUE applied at the datacenter level. On-site water consumption is reported per query.
Image and video generation are not covered. Water figures are on-site only — they exclude the water consumed at the power plants supplying electricity to the datacenter, which independent researchers (notably Shaolei Ren) have shown can be several times larger than on-site cooling water. Training energy is also out of scope.
Comprehensive first-party measurement, named model, full methodology, recent. External audit is not present, but the rigor and reproducibility of the internal methodology meet the A threshold.